may be hoodwinked by these kids. Today's teeners are not above ordering "pinups" for themselves.

But granting that real pornography is available despite the fact that I would have no idea where to get any, any laws concerning it should apply, perhaps, in the case of minors, but not in the case of adults. And the Post's photos of the idle old ladies who are so envious of the vitality of youth that they would destroy the freedoms, not only of youth, but their own with them, are worse than ob-

scene.

All this may be a part of the big picture in which the decline of the American male is the theme. What has happened to the dominant male-the individualist, the aggressive American of pioneer days who never in the world would have been told what he could read or look at by a gang of "school ma'ms"? Where are the modern Americans who today will say with genuine conviction, "I might hate the books you read, but I will fight to the death for your right to read them"? Are they now in the ranks of the Milquetoasts who say meekly at breakfast, "Yes, dear, I'll see that a law is passed"?

Ironically, it may yet fall to the lot of the homosexual to defend masculinity, to preserve the male's sexuality, and thereby save the race. An alternative, if the present trend voiced by the women's clubs and postmasters continues, is the realization of Orwell's Bigh Brother." to mold men's minds in his image-and the decline of Western civilization.

SEXUAL FREEDOM IN THE SIXTIESWILL IT HAPPEN IN THE DECADE AHEAD?

In its first decade of existence, Mattachine Society has seen great progress in soc iety's struggle to free itself of old sexual taboos. But much remains to be done, for the task has only begun.

Look at the problem of birth control, the issue of censorship, the emergence of subjects such as pornography, abortion, homosexuality, illegitimacy, etc. Twenty years ago these things were denied access to public discussion. Ten years ago they were highly controversial topics that in variably were treated with more sensationalism than truth. Today these topics are commonplace in newspapers, maga zines and other media; they occupy the attention of women's clubs, social agencles and other community groups on many

occasions.

Mattachine REVIEW, entering its sixth year, will continue to report new know ledge, opinion and events in this field.

The society itself, through its public discussion forums, seminars, social ser vices, research programs and other educational activities will also continue to ald public understanding of these problems and acceptance of the reality they present. Whether or not the freedoms sought in this field of responsible sex behavior come to pass in the decade ahead remains to be seen. But one thing is certain: A growing mass of thinking adults are being stirred to action in the task of freeing man from his worst enemy-himself. This effort can result only In a continually changing set of moral values which will, in time, benefit the total culture and strengthen the democratic ideals of a free world. Your Interest, aid and support have been invaluable in the past. We are grateful, indeed, for it. May we count on your con tinued interest and assistance in the challenging decade ahead? Best wishes for 1960-

MATTACHINE REVIEW MATTACHINE SOCIETY, Inc..

mattachine REVIEW

Using the ancient legend of Gilgamesh from Mesopotamia, dating from 2500 B. C., as a springboard, Dr. Omer C. Stewart traces the evidence of homosexuality among. aboriginal peoples down through the ages, including many manifestations of it în American Indians in the following study.

In many cultures, be points out, homosexual activity, transvestism and the institution of the "berdach" (this word apparently haș milny spellings) were ac*cepted behavior forms.

Because of the length of the paper it will be presented in two parts. The conclusion will appear in February REVIEW.

Dr. Stewart is a professor of anthropology in the Institute of Behavioral Science of the University of Colorado at Boulder. He has written many scientific papers on various anthropological subjects for professional journals. The paper following was delivered by him as an address at the Awards Banquet of the Sixth Annual Convention of the Mattachine Society in Denver on September 5, 1959.

HOMOSEXUALITY AMONG THE AMERICAN INDIANS AND OTHER NATIVE PEOPLES OF THE WORLD By OMER C. STEWART, Ph. D.

Reviews of the scientific understanding of various subjects usually start with the Greeks, and our review of the anthropological information regarding homosexuality among the various cultures and peoples of the world could very well start of with the Greeks, because the ancient Greeks, both before and after the age Pericles, were probably the most outspoken in their approval of homosexual attachments between males. Socrates and his friend Alcibiades were only one pair of male lovers famous in Greek science and literature. The anthropological record, however, being concerned with the full history of man, and including behavior patterns of all peoples of the world, actually starts much earlier. One branch of Anthropology, Physical Anthropology, is concerned with the evoltuion of man from his very beginning; consequently, the antecedent behavior and the antecedent forms of man must be considered. Our examination of the history of homosexual behavior can well begin with the pre-primate ancestors of man; for, to understand that behavior Anthropologists may even study the behavior patterns of our distant mammalian relatives.

All primates, and many lower animals such as cows, horses and sheep, exhibit from time to time homosexual behavior between both male and female members. However, it is among the pre-human members of the Primate order of the class Mammalia that twe find the closest parallel to human sexual behavior. Monkeys 9